University graduates and employment

List of tables In French .......................................................................15 In Arabic ............... ..............................................................15 List of graphs In French .......................... .............................................17 In Arabic ................................................. ............................17 List of contributors In French ............................................................ ...........19 In Arabic .............................................................................21 Tribute In French .......................................................................23 In Arabic ................ .............................................................27 Omar DERRAS Preamble In French ..................... ..................................................25 In Arabic ............................................. ................................29 Fouad NOUAR Introduction In French .................................................... ...................27 In Arabic ............................................................................ .31 Omar DERRAS and Laroussi AMRI Chapter I: Unemployment among university graduates: multiple approaches Omar DERRAS: The sociological characteristics of unemployment in Algeria (1970–2019) (in Arabic) Introduction .............................................................................41 The labour market in Algeria after independence ........41 Employment trends in Algeria (1987–2017) ....................43 The structure of unemployment in Algeria (1997–2017) ...................46 Patterns and quality of labour market integration among the unemployed ................................................................................. 52 Conclusion ............................................................................... 55 Laroussi AMRI: Labour market integration: problems, solutions and alternatives Introduction .............................................................................. 37 Definition and scope .....................................................................39 The issue and its chronological development, the main stages .....................................................................39 Public policies on youth employment in Tunisia ...47 Proposals from elites within the liberal and neo-liberal paradigm ......................................................... .................48 Conclusion ............................................................................... .55 Nacer-Eddine HAMMOUDA and Razika MEDJOUB: Unemployment among higher education graduates in Algeria: a review of the current situation Introduction .......................................................... .................63 Unemployment among university graduates: a social problem since the late 1980s .......................................................... ..........64 Youth employment policy ............................................66 Duration of job search ....................................... .........70 Unemployment among female graduates ..........................................71 Predominance of women at university ...................72 Surplus supply of women in the humanities and social sciences ..73 Persistence of gendered roles in professional practices ................................................................ .....76 Conclusion .............................................................................77 Mohamed MADOUI: What it means not to be in work. A study of unemployment among young graduates in Algeria Introduction .................................................................... .........81 An overview of the labour market in Algeria........................83 The ordeal of unemployment, or what ‘not working’ means ............................................................................. ...........89 Collective action and forms of mobilisation among the unemployed ..................................................................... ............96 Conclusion ...............................................................................97 Chapter II: The Integration of University Graduates in Algeria Omar DERRAS: Professional Integration: Theoretical and Critical Approaches (in Arabic) Introduction ....................................................... ......................57 The general context and theoretical framework ................................59 Employment integration. Approaches and theories .................60 Conclusion ...............................................................................68 Fouad NOUAR, Omar DERRAS and Mohamed ARGOUB. The integration of university graduates into the labour market in Oran: results of a field survey (in Arabic) Introduction .................................................... ........................69 Initial engagement with the field of research: the survey and its results ........................................................ .................72 Field survey and methodology ........................................75 Firstly: the socio-professional characteristics of university graduates ....... .......................................................79 Secondly: the career paths of university graduates and the selectivity of the labour market in Oran ...88 Thirdly: Factors influencing the labour market integration of university graduates: the selectivity of the degree, the employment sector, gender and social background ........107 Fourthly: University graduates who are unemployed: an analysis of the difficulties in entering the labour market Zine Charaf LOUSDAD. Entrepreneurial practices among university graduates: a field study in Oran (in Arabic) Introduction ................................................................... ........155 Who are these university graduates who are entrepreneurs? .......158 Models of entry into entrepreneurship among university graduates ............................................. ............................163 Process of entry into entrepreneurial activity ..........167 Professional socialisation and family entrepreneurial culture .......................... ......................................................168 From permanent salaried employment to entrepreneurship .....................169 Conclusion .............................................................................171 ..................................................................... 141 Conclusion .............................................................................148 Hind BOUAGADA: The challenges of entering the job market for engineering graduates: a field study in Oran (in Arabic) Introduction............................................................. ..................175 Who are engineering graduates? ......................................................... ......................177 What are the difficulties faced by engineering graduates in entering the labour market? ............................................... .......181 The gap between education and the demands of the labour market........................................................................ ................185 Social insecurity as a barrier to entering the labour market ....188 Conclusion ............................................................................. 190 Chapter III: The integration of university graduates in Tunisia Laroussi AMRI: Young higher education graduates and the entrepreneurial path: a qualitative approach and modelling Introduction .................................................. ........................103 Documents, basic data and their significance ..............106 The field survey conducted in 2013 and preliminary theoretical insights ............................................................................. .. 114 The qualitative survey and its results: presentation of the six cases .............................................................................. ...... 118 Results: analysis of the data and proposal of a model ....................................................................... ...........133 Conclusion .............................................................................138 Abdessatar SAHBANI. Unemployment among university graduates in Tunisia. Precariousness, employability and individual coping strategies (in Arabic) Introduction ........................................................ ...................199 Issues surrounding skills acquisition and job seeking ......................................................... ...202 Precariousness and development policies in Tunisia. Origins and development ......................................................214 Individual coping strategies in the face of precariousness following the revolution ................................................................. 219 Conclusion .............................................................................226 Samira AYED: Job insecurity among women: the case of Tunisia Introduction ........................................................................ ...143 The labour market in Tunisia is predominantly male .............................................................................. 144 The current situation of female employment in Tunisia ............146 Characteristics of female employment in Tunisia ...................150 Conclusion ............................. ...............................................152 Index In French ............................................ ..................155 In Arabic ....................................................................125

This book presents an overview of two closely related and interdependent phenomena: the issue of the socio-professional integration of university graduates in Algeria and Tunisia, and the question of unemployment and its specific features in both countries. The choice to focus on these themes is driven by their continued relevance and sensitivity in the Maghreb region. This book, whose content is based on the results of a series of field studies, is structured into three complementary chapters that address for discussion issues related to: Professional integration and unemployment: key questions The professional integration of university graduates in Algeria The professional integration of university graduates in Tunisia The four research papers included in the first chapter of this book examine the issue of unemployment, its characteristics, the causes of its evolution, and the manifestations of the failure of public policies to address it. They rely on field data aimed at “enriching” the sociology of unemployment in the Maghreb region, which still suffers from epistemological limitations in its approach to issues of professional integration within local cultural contexts.